About the Human
process: Κant,
Rousseau and Marx
Sapere aude
According Kant
enlightenment is a condition of human, which the man released from afthypaitia (self-incurred) immaturity. Indeed, Kant defined as
immature the inability, on part of human, to use his intellect, without the
guidance of another. Also, as afthypaitia
(self-incurred) Kant understands the cause of immaturity who consist the
deficit determination and courage to one’s use its intellect. He said the
philosopher: Have courage to use your own
mind. This is the dictum of enlightenment[1].
Another key
concept on Kant’s philosophy, is that of guardians who have a key role in
maintaining the existing social contract. Through these, and the methods of
manipulation, who using (the guardians), maintained the social inequality and
consequently the power and their principals (the guardians). The only way to
elucidate public is aftodiafotisi
(enlightenment it- self). Because, even if we assume, that someone who has been
a guardian of the public and is independently minded, will some time put
himself under the yoke he had put to the public. This situation works both ways,
since the terms of guidance, that puts on the public from the guardian, makes
the public will-less and compatible. So, the public automatically creates a
specific field (status) of mental processing, which in turn impose a particular
status on those designated from guardians. Of course, we should note that aftodiafotisi will be completed through
a slow process and on basis to freedom of speech and thought[2].
However, Kant, to
freedom of speech, sets on the operation of two mechanisms: one is the Private Reason and the other is the Public Reason. In a nutshell, what Kant
tells us is the private reason of an
institutional member, at the time of duty, cannot be diverted from already
known cognition. On the other hand, the institutional member itself can put
comments and thoughts on what are set to say or do, but only in the case the
Act (of Private Reason) does not
conflicted directly with the Act (of Public reason), which imposed from the
institutional position to perform. Kant’s explanation essentially defines the
process of enlightenment rather enlightenment itself. This because, the
Enlightenment, for the philosopher, is the complete freedom of man which must
be conscious and to achieved that is necessary the activation of the mechanisms
of reason, on individual and collective level, to enable the society to receive
the Enlightenment[3].
Man was born free,
and he is everywhere in chains
Rousseau, with a
highly intelligent and spiritual reason, essentially broke the raison d'être of
the Academy. Rousseau using rhetorical schemes -to the text, which sent to the
Academy of Dijon in 1750- broke every allegation of Western culture for its
moral orientation. With historical references shows the hidden corruption in
the arts and sciences, in ethos of the people. Of course, literature, sciences
and the arts must assume their share of responsibility. In the view of Kant, on
Enlightenment, Rousseau is enlightened figure, because it is able through a
public reason to express critical and thoughtful views and positions about the
society and its culture. Of course, Kant say’s, this reason is not within an
institutional framework, to create turbulence in society. But Rousseau views
can enter on human thoughts through a gradual process, freeing the mind.
Indeed, we should note that the work Discourse
on the Origins of Inequality raises again the sciences and the arts before
their responsibilities on the inequality at the society of human. Studying the
work of Rousseau any one can see the desire for complete freedom of man. Of
course, as in case of Kant, the process cannot be direct, but progressive[4].
Revolutions are
the locomotives of history
Marx in his work Alienation Labor addresses issues
related to political economy and how it affects humans-worker. The philosopher
Marx, deals with issues of class differences and competition between the two
classes, rich and poor. All terms that involved in philosophical reason of Marx,
attributed to issues of class differences and consequently in struggle of two
classes[5].
Also, Marx in the Communist Manifesto,
which composed approach again the class inequality and alienation of man from
its very nature. The reason of Marx's constitutes a radical doctrine, with the
man at the epicenter[6].
Of course, the class differences poses a number of issues that are not present
to develop. But, according to the definition given by Kant about the
Enlightenment, we could not characterize Marx, as enlightened. Certainly Marx
was a personality with insight and multidimensional thinking, but the main
opposition with Kant was that latter believed the process towards enlightenment
is a gradual and evolutionary process. This because people do not have the strength
and ability to manage their free will. Marx is not shared that view and this is
the cause who puts a revolutionary reason without sees the disadvantages in
human nature in general.
[1] Immanuel
Kant, “What is Enlightenment?” http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/WorldeBookLibrary.com/whatenli.htm
[2] Immanuel
Kant, “What is Enlightenment?” http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/WorldeBookLibrary.com/whatenli.htm
[3] Jean-Jacques Rousseau, "Discourse on the Origins of
Inequality" http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11136
[4] Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, "Discourse on the Arts and
Sciences" http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/r/rousseau/jean_jacques/arts/
[5] Karl Marx, "Estranged Labor" from 1844 Manuscripts http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/labour.htm/
αναρτήθηκε από το χρήστη Elias Kalyvas @ Οκτωβρίου 17, 2016
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